Vintage Geometric Dining Room Rug,Hand Made Wool Floor Carpet,Distressed Office Nursery Boho Rug,Faded buy Oriental Rug 5' 4'' x 3' 5'' FT,KIRDO

Vintage Geometric Dining Room Rug,Hand Made Wool Floor Carpet,Distressed Office Nursery Boho Rug,Faded Oriental Rug 5' 4'' x 3' 5'' FT,KIRDO


Hand made rug is clean and ready to use.

Bedroom carpet is Low pile

Entrance rug is vintage and unique

Boho rustic floor rug is in good condition.

BOHO RUG WILL BRING YOUR HOME BEAUTYNESS AND RUSTIC DECOR !!!

You deserve to have a beautifully decorated home !!!

You want to have a beautiful entryway ‘' to greet your family and friends with? Here is a wonderful entrance rug !!!

We belive that every rug has it's own story !!!

%100 Hand Made Turkish wool Unique rug !!!

This gorgeous rug can be used as:Room size rug,Dining room rug,Living room rug,Nursery,Offce,Present for loved ones,Bedroom,kids room,saloon,Studio.

Photos of the rug may differ from screen to screen !!!

We Ship The Rug Directly From Turkey !!!



SIZE IN CENTIMETERES: 165 X 108

SIZE IN FEET: 5' 4'' X 3' 5''

SIZE IN INCHES: 65 X 43


Due to the nature of age, All vintage rugs might have slightly worn, faded, or have minor imperfections adding to the character of the item.That makes them more beautiful and more unique.

I take the photos outdoor with naturel daylight to show you the real,naturel and original rug.I don't make any photoshop or etc.


I have taken all the pictures outdoors !!!

You will receive the exactly rug as pictured.

Feel free for any questions,you may have !!!!

I will ship same rug as pictured,no way different one !!!

Vntage rug is going to be shipped by Fedex express within 4 business days,handling time is 1 day,I will inform you after shipment

I do accept returns, in case you are not satisfied !!!

Thank you very much for your visit !!!


Melisa

IF YOU LIKE TO SEE MORE PILE RUGS,PLEASE VISIT:


https://www.etsy.com/shop/VINTAGERUSTICRUG?ref=seller-platform-mcnav§ion_id=26186852


IF YOU LIKE TO SEE MORE KILIM RUGS,PLEASE VISIT:


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ABOUT TURKISH RUGS


Various Well-Known Anatolian Rugs
There are different types of rugs produced in Turkey and they are classified according to the materials used:

Silk on silk
Wool on cotton
Wool on wool
Viscose on cotton
Kilims
Tulu


Anatolian Turkish Rugs
At present, it is impossible to prove exactly when and where rug weaving began, as there is no reliable source, but it can be traced back as early the Neolithic age (7000 B.C.). The first examples consisting of warp and weft were textile products which resembled flat weave kilims. Then rugs were created by forming knots to make a pile. According to scientist, rug weaving must have originated in the dry steppe regions where the nomadic tribes lived. Central Asia was a suitable location for the first rug-weaving center because of the availability of land for herding sheep and because of the climate of the region.

Rugs have been used in the home as floor coverings, blankets, tablecloths and decorations. They acquire value as they are used, whereas most objects decrease in value over time.

The oldest example known in the history of hand-make rugs is the one which is exhibited in the St. Petersburg Hermitage Museum in Russia. This fantastic Altai rug was discovered by the Russian archaeologist Sergei Rudenko in the year 1949 and is known as the "Pazirik Rug", woven around the 3rd century B.C. The majority of experts believe that there is a link between ancient Turkish culture and this particular rug; they also believe that the other items found in the Pazirik Tumulus have some connection to Turkish civilization.

Nomadic rugRug weaving in Anatolia first began with the arrival of the Turkish tribes from Central Asia, who settled in this region. Therefore, Anatolian rugs form a branch of ethnic Turkish rugs. Some of the oldest examples known are the eighteen surviving pieces woven by the Selcuk Turks in the 13th century. The motifs in these pieces represented in stylized floral and geometrical patterns in several basic colors and were woven in Sivas, Kayseri and Konya.

The art of rug weaving which began with the Selcuks continued with the Ottoman Turks. After the Selcuk Turks and before the Ottomans, during the transition period in the 14th century, animal figures began to appear on the rugs. Although very few of these exist today, they can be seen in the paintings of famous Italian, French and Dutch painters. Due to the animal figures on these rugs, they are called as "Rugs with Animals".

By the 15th century there was a wider variety of animal motifs on the rugs. A new group of rugs with a combination of animal motifs and geometrical patterns appeared around this time. These rugs were called "Holbein Rugs" since they appear in paintings by the German artist Hans Holbein. As there are no surviving examples of these rugs today, all research is carried out from the paintings. The works of artists such as Lotto, Memling, Carlo Crivelli, Rafaellino de Gardo, B.Van Orley, Carpaccio, Jaume Huguet were also important sources of research. In this century, Bergama and Usak became important weaving centers in western Anatolia.

The 16th century was the beginning of the second successful period of Anatolian rug-weaving. The rugs from this period are called "Classical Ottoman Rugs". The reason these rugs are called "Palace rugs" is that the design and colors would have been determined by the palace artists and then sent to the weaving centers. this method was similar to that used in the ceramic tile production of that period.

The designs, which consisted of twisting branches, leaves and flowers such as tulips, carnations and hyacinths, are woven in a naturalistic style and establish the basic composition of the rug. This style was continued in other regions and can be seen in Turkish rugs today.

In the 16th, 17th and 18th century, Gördes, Kula, Milas, Ladik, Mucur, Kirsehir, Bandirma and Canakkale gained importance as rug-weaving centers, along with Usak and Bergama. The rugs woven in some of these areas are known as "Transylvanian Rugs" because they were found in churches in Transylvania.

In the beginning of the 19th and 20th centuries, the rugs woven in Hereke (nearby Istanbul) gained worldwide recognition. These rugs were originally woven only for the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire. The finest silk rugs in the world are still being woven in Hereke today.

We can identify the rugs woven in different regions as town or village rugs. The rugs woven in the agricultural areas of Anatolia owe their origins to the settlers or nomadic cultures. In Europe, these rugs (which are woven with wool on wool) are generally called "Anatolian Rugs" In towns where people have settled permanently, the rugs are woven with a wool on cotton combination.

Today in Turkey there are regions which keep this wonderful tradition alive; such rugs are woven in Konya, Kayseri, Sivas, Hereke, Yagcioglu, Kula, Dösemealti, Taspinar, Isparta, Milas, Bergama, Canakkale, Kars, Usak, Gordes, Fethiye and Yahyali.

The Craft of Weaving Rugs
A rug is a handicraft which consist of two parts; the skeleton of the rug, which is formed by vertical and horizontal threads called "warps" and "wefts" and the part which resembles a picture and is like velvet, which is called the "pile" of the rug, made by knotting different colors of thread. In order to form motifs, there are two knotting techniques:

Turkish double knot Symmetrical knotting, double or Turkish knotting. Each knot is made on two warps. In this form of knotting, each end of the pile thread is wrapped all the way around the two warps, pulled down and cut.
Non-symmetrical or single (Persian) knotting. While one end of the thread is wrapped all the way around the warp, the other end goes just beside the other warp. Then both ends are pulled down and cut.
Persian single knotThe steps for weaving a carpet are written below:

The weaving is started from the bottom of the loom. First the kilim part (flat woven part) is woven at the lower edge.
The weaver then takes a piece of wool which corresponds with the pattern and forms a knot on two warps.
Then she cuts the surplus wool with a knife.
After one row of knotting is completed, she then passes a weft thread in between the front and back warps. The weft threads are used to strengthen the weaves of the carpet.
Then she will take the "kirkit" (a heavy comb like tool) and vigorously beat down the row of knots and weft, in order to obtain the desired tightness and to make the knots and weft compact.
Following this step, with a pair of adjustable scissors she cuts the surplus colored threads to obtain a uniform level of pile thickness.
This process is continued until the carpet is complete.
Dyes
There are two types of dyes which are used to dye wool for weaving: vegetable dyes and chemical dyes. Rugs which are made using natural dyes are the most preferred. The natural dyes are obtained from three sources: plants; animals; and minerals. Plant sources are used most widely in rug production. Some of the examples of colors obtained from plants and animal sources are: red (RUBIA TINTORIA); yellow (GENISTA TINTORIA); navy blue (ISOTIS TINCTORIA and INDIGO FERETINTORIA); gray and black (OVER LUS); brown (JUNGLAND REGIA); and red (DACHYLOPIUS COCUS). Dyeing threads by using sources from nature is an art which has been practiced since ancient times. Anatolia has a large variety of plants available for dyeing purposes and this is where the craft of dyeing has been improved throughout centuries of experience. Plants gathered from natural sources are still widely used today.

Motifs
There are many different types of motifs and emblems which can be seen on the rugs. These are classified into two groups:

Geometrical or Stylized Motifs
Naturalistic and Floral Designs
The motif on the rugs represent Anatolia and Central Asia and their civilizations. These compositions, motifs, and designs represent the origins and culture of a society; therefore, a rug can be considered a cultural item. Each of the designs is meaningful, not an accidental drawing. To understand the meaning of every motif would be a very long and tiring process, as there are so many of them which have accumulated throughout the centuries. The motifs on the rugs represent Anatolia, Central Asia and their civilizations. Some of the most common motifs on rugs are the TREE OF LIFE symbolizing long life and re-birth; the HORNS OF ANIMALS which symbolize power; HANDS ON HIPS symbolizing female fertility and the mother of God; and the HANGING CANDLE symbolizing the holy (eternal) light.



HOW TO CLEAN WOOL RUG ?


RUG CARE AND CLEANING FOR HAND-KNOTTED RUGS
Never use bleach or foor polishers on the rugs.
Spot cleaning when spills happen:
• Act Fast
• BLOT – NEVER RUB
• Clean stain – Edge to Center
• Do Not SOAK
• Pat and Fan Dry
• Brush Pile with a soft brush
If food or liquids spill onto a carpet, blot up the spill as soon as possible. Use only club soda
and a clean white towel to soak up the spill. Do not soak the stain. Don't rub, as this will
spread the stain. Work the stain from the outer edge to the center. Dry with a fan or hand
blow dryer, preferably on a low heat setting. Finally, to restore the pile, brush it with a soft
brush. On old and stubborn stains, repeat the process until the stain is completely removed.
Cornstarch can be used to soak up liquid after cleaning. Sprinkle a thin (1/8”) layer of
cornstarch on rug and let it dry for 24 – 48 hours. Vacuum and whisk away excess.
Spills such as mustard, blood and mud should be allowed to dry and then scraped off.
Failure to dry the carpet properly can cause mold, mildew and dry rot with signifcant
damage.
Special Stains:
Chewing Gum – Press ice cubes against spot until it becomes brittle and breaks off. Use spot
remover to vanish last traces. Saturate the spot with a cloth soaked in vinegar or alcohol.
Candle Wax – Place a brown paper bag over the spot. Place a hot iron over the paper bag.
Move iron constantly. Wait a few minutes until the wax is absorbed. Repeat if necessary.
Ink from ballpoint pen – Saturate the spot with hairspray. Allow to dry. Blot lightly with
vinegar and water solution.
Deep cleaning:
Periodically, every 2 to 3 years, the hand-knotted rug should be cleaned by a professional in a
full immersion wet bath and it will be refreshed and look like new. Hand-knotted rugs can
be wet-cleaned in this fashion as opposed to hand-tufted rugs that can only be spot cleaned.
Moths: Regular maintenance is the best way to keep your wool rugs from being damaged by
moths. Periodic cleaning, moth proofng and rotating rugs are a good way to prevent moth
larva from taking hold and damaging your fne rugs. When inspecting rugs for moth activity,
remember that most moth damage is to the back of a rug where moths are least likely to be
disturbed. So examine the back of the rug along its perimeter and look for moths, moth larvae
or the casing or webbing they leave behind.



Fading in Sunlight: Colors fade unevenly and wool and cotton dry out and become brittle. A
good rug can be faded in a month or less. When colors are softer or lighter on the pile side of
the rug than they are on the back, it means that fading is occurring. You can eliminate or
prevent the problem by keeping the curtains closed or by having your windows
professionally coated with mylar (an invisible flm which can be applied to your windows
and which flters out harmful ultraviolet light).
Note: Never put a potted plant on a rug as the water can leak onto the rug and damage it.
Disclaimer: For diffcult or unlisted stains, please consult with a professional rug cleaner.
Never use dry cleaning methods on a wool rug. Never “steam clean” a wool rug as this may
cause dyes to bleed. The rugs should be wet-cleaned by a professional, thoroughly rinsed
and allowed to dry completely before being placed on the foor again.
Important: Vacuum your rug regularly. Sand and grit can work into the base of the pile and
abrasion can damage the wool and result in loss of pile. Vacuum only with suction, never use
a beater bar on a wool rug. DO NOT USE DYSON VACUUM CLEANERS OR ANY OTHER
VACUUM THAT HAS POWERFUL SUCTION. THESE VACUUMS CAN DAMAGE THE
RUG.

Rug Motifs, Symbols & Meaning

There are so many different symbols and motifs found in Rugs and Kilims across the world, most of which date back hundreds of years but are still being used by carpet weavers today. We thought it might be interesting to have a reference to these symbols together with their meanings so you can identify some of the motifs found in your own rugs.
BROWSE OUR RUGS NOW AND SEE THE SYMBOLS IN SOME OF THEM
ELIBELINDE - Hands on Hips
A stylised female figure derived from the Anatolian mother goddess figurines and used as a symbol of motherhood and fertility.
KOÇBOYNUZU - Ram's Horn
A crescent-shaped symbol of fertility, heroism, power and masculinity
BEREKET - Fertility
A kilim motif composed of elibelinde and koçboynuzu motifs arranged to include various protective symbols. Stylised representations of multi-grained plants such as wheat, barley, pomegranate, poppy, melon, figs, grapes and mulberry are also used to indicate fertility.
BROWSE OUR RUGS NOW AND SEE THE SYMBOLS IN SOME OF THEM
INSAN - Human Figure
A stylised representation used to commemorate a person, to express the hope for having a child, or to imply the expectation of a baby.
SAÇBAĞI - Hair Band
A rug motif, evolved as a symbolic representation of the head ornament used by the bride in the wedding ceremonies, which indicates the desire to get married
KÜPE - Earring
A kilim rug motif resembling the shape of an earring, an indispensable wedding present, used to express the desire for marriage.
BROWSE OUR RUGS NOW AND SEE THE SYMBOLS IN SOME OF THEM
BUKAĞI - Fetter
A cuff-shaped motif symbolising the continuity of the family union, the devotion of lovers and the hope that they should always stay together.
ANDIKLI - Chest
A motif which symbolises the trousseau chest of a young woman and stands for the desire to get married and having a child. In some cases the motif symbolises death and a coffin.
BROWSE OUR RUGS NOW AND SEE THE SYMBOLS IN SOME OF THEM
AŞK VE BIRLEŞIM - Love and Unison
A rug motif inherited from the Far East, generally known by the name of Ying-Yang and used to indicate the harmony between a man and a woman
YILDIZ - Star
A rug motif used to express happiness and fertility, based on the fact that the size pointed star, generally known as the Soloman's Seal, is used to symbolise the womb of the mother goddess figurines. The star motifs with eight or more points are used on the Anatolian weaves.
IBRIK - Ewer
A motif stylised in the form of a water container, symbolising purity and purification and used also as a symbol of pregnancy.
BROWSE OUR RUGS NOW AND SEE THE SYMBOLS IN SOME OF THEM
SU YOLU - Running Water
A theme indicating the importance of water in the life of mankind. Motifs in the forms of meanders, clouds and even vases and ewers are all different expressions of the same theme. The pattern of running water varies according to the material on which it is applied. When carved on stone, it assumes an angular shape, while it is curvilinear or triangular on weavings.
PITRAK - Burdock
A motif derived from a plant which is believed to be capable of warding off the evil eye. The fact that the term "like a burdock" means full of flowers, account for the use of the motif as a symbol of abundance.
EL, PARMAK, TARAK - Hand, Finger, Comb
Rug motifs which are composed of five lines or five dots are based on the Anatolian belief that the number five, ie the number of fingers on a hand, serves as a protection against the evil eye. The Hand motif is used against a spell or evil eye, where the comb motif is related to the protection of birth and marriage.
MUSKA - Amulet
A rug motif in the shape of written charms which are believed to have magical and religious powers to protect the possessor from dangerous external factors and generally placed in triangular cases.
NAZARLIK - Evil Eye
A motif used to reduce the effect of the evil glance, which is believed to be a power possessed by some people that cause harm, injury, misfortune and even death
ĞOZ - Eye
A stylised eye motif derived from the belief the the best source to prevent the harms caused by the evil glance is the human eye itself.
HAÇ - Cross
A rug or kilim design motif which is used against the evil eye and believed to reduce the power of the evil glance by dividing it into four pieces.
ÇENGEL - Hook
A motif used against the evil eye.
YILAN - Snake
A theme which dates back to the earliest history of mankind. The motive is used with protective purposes, while a black snake is the symbol of happiness and fertility.
EJDER - Dragon
A mythological theme where a winged creature stylised with feet of a lion and tail of a snake is believed to be the master of air and water, the cause of lunar eclipse, the guard of treasures and secret objects as well as the tree of life. A related theme is the fight of the dragon and the Phoenix which is believed to produce fertile rains of spring and where the dragon is stylised as a cloud.
AKREP - Scorpion
A Kilim or Rug motif used as a protection against the scorpion, sometimes used to represent a dragon.
KURT AĞZI, KURT IZI - Wolf's Mouth, Wolf's Track
A motif used as a protection against the wolves, which is the primary threat for the cattle breeding nomadic and semi nomadic tribes.
CANAVAR AYAĞI - Monster's Feet
The local name for the motif which symbolise the dragon.
BROWSE OUR RUGS NOW AND SEE THE SYMBOLS IN SOME OF THEM
HAYAT AĞACI - Tree of Life
A theme which stands for the wish of immortality or the hope for life after death. Stylisation of various plants, such as cypress, date, palm, pomegranate, fig, olive, wine, beech and oak, are used to symbolise the tree of life.
ÇIÇEK - Flower
A rug motif generally used on the borders of Kilims composed of stylised roses, carnations, tulips and hyacinths which resemble the garden of Eden. The Tulip is also used to express the expectation of a son.
IM - Family Signs
Rug Motifs which stand for the names of various Turkish tribes.
KUŞ - Bird
A kilim, rug or carpet motif which is loaded with various meanings, ranging from good luck to bad luck; happiness, joy and love; the soul of the dead; women; longing; an expectation of news; power and strength.


CLEANING
REGULAR CARE AND CLEANING OF TURKISH AND ORIENTAL CARPETS
Cleanliness is the first and major step towards the preservation of a hand made carpet and it is the best defense against damage. There are no strict rules to determine when and how often to clean a carpet since every hand made carpet is a different and every household exposes a carpet to different amounts of wear and dirt. The following advice and information are basic general instructions that the average carpet owner may exercise in the care and cleaning of Turkish and Oriental Carpets. The best recommendation is regular brushing with an old fashioned hand broom with natural bristles or the use of a vacuum cleaner. Remember that it is equally important to brush the underlay of the carpet and the floor beneath. Utilizing a vacuum cleaner will never damage the carpet if only cleaning is made by the nozzle attachment other than the revolving brush attachment.

WASHING OR CLEANING
How often a carpet to be cleaned, obviously depends on the amount of traffic and the type of carpet. Such cleaning may vary from every six months to once every two years. A carpet with a light colored pattern may be sent out to be cleaned more often, but it may be less obvious if the carpet is dark and intricately patterned. The first indication that the carpet needs cleaning will be from the feel of the pile, which may feel course and harsh to the touch instead of velvety and smooth as it should be.
Another useful test is to fold up one corner and tap the back of the carpet over the palm of the hand. If a fine powder of dust, grit and loose fibers fall into your hand it is certainly the time to clean the carpet.

HAND CLEANING AT HOME
You may hesitate at the idea of cleaning your carpet at home. Although it is a time consuming process requiring care and patience, it is actually a simple job which can be successfully carried out by any carpet owner who follows these simple instructions. Hand cleaning has several rewards, apart from the obvious benefit of saving money. It will give personal satisfaction to see every fiber getting fresh and reviewed. It will also give you a chance to have a closer relationship with your carpet as every previously unnoticed detail of color and motif comes into view with the close attention that hand cleaning requires. Nearly all types of carpets can be cleaned at home with the exception of antiques, carpets in need of repair and fine silk carpets. These should receive the attention of a personal carpet repair specialist.

PREPERATION FOR WASHING
Preparation is as important as the washing process itself. First of all, test the carpet for color fastness by rubbing a brightly colored area gently with damp white cloth. Then examine it the carpet thoroughly to make sure it is not in need of repair. Since the carpet becomes slightly fragile when it is wet, it is advisable to carry out most repairs before washing. Only repiling is done more successfully after washing, since the color can be matched more accurately. Before washing, brush and beat the carpet thoroughly to remove as much loose dust as possible, because dust and dirt is more damaging when wet rather than dry. Finally find a flat, clean hard surface on which to clean the carpet more easily.

EQUIPMENT
Most of the necessary equipment can be found already at home. A soft brush with natural bristles about one inch long (the type used for grooming horses is ideal), white natural vinegar, carpet shampoo (or any kind of natural soap), especially Ivory soap is recommendable) and a bucket of lukewarm water are all that is needed.
Caution:Avoid using detergents and soaps containing strong chemicals with high P.H. values since inorganic substances may harm organic wool fibers.

METHOD
Lay the carpet with the pile up on a hard flat surface. Dip the brush into the liquid (mixture of soap, vinegar and lukewarm water) and apply it in gentle even vertical strokes. Vigorously brushing or scrubbing will not clean thoroughly and is likely to damage the carpet in its wet vulnerable state. Start in one corner, brushing up and down, against the pile with even overlapping movements. Once the carpet is brushed lengthwise, than brush horizontally, or from side to side across the pile, the same gentle overlapping strokes is best. The Pile should be thoroughly clean by now. Finally, brush gently in the direction of the pile as the carpet dries, so that the pile is running in the right direction.
Try to apply the cleaning solution sparingly, so that the foundation does not become wet. It is very difficult to dry a carpet thoroughly, since it is firmly encased in the million of tight little knots. If the carpet is relayed on the floor while it is still damp, the carpet will probably start to rot and in a few months the base will become extremely brittle.
During the entire cleaning process handle the carpet as carefully as possible, since while it is wet, it is extremely fragile, so it is very easy to cause damage.

DRYING
Small carpets can be pegged by the kilim and on a clothes line. Large ones are more easily dried on a hard clean surface like concrete of paving stones. Do not dry on a lawn, since the base will absorb moisture of the grass. If the weather is not cooperating for drying it outside than let the carpet dry flat in a room with warm air current heating system. While it dries don�t walk on it and don�t place anything on it. The warp, left and the pile of a completely dried carpet should feel soft and pliable.
Remove the dry dirt and shampoo powder by gently brushing with a soft brush or by using the vacuum cleaner.

THINGS TO AVOID
Washing machines and dryers must never be used for any delicate hand made item. Vibration, water temperature and harsh detergents will cause irreparable damage. It may even reduce the carpet to shreds. Many people must have seen or heard Eastern weavers washing the carpets in streams and rivers. This has lead many owners to wrongly believe that a complete soaking is good. This process in fact, is only used for brand new carpets. They are washed very quickly laid out to dry immediately in the baking sun.
Some firms that advertise themselves as expert carpet cleaners use electric rotary brushes. These machines were designed for use on machine made carpet and should only be used on such items. Again dry cleaners advertise themselves as carpet cleaners. These services may be useful for machine made carpets, but an Oriental hand made masterpiece should never be subjected to the strong chemicals that these firms use. The damage may become apparent only after several months and it may be irreparable.

DEALING WITH SPILLS AND STAINS
Water and dampness are the greatest danger to an Oriental carpet. Water spills are perhaps the most common accident at home. When this occurs, necessary steps should be immediately taken. Using a white cloth with no coloring, try to absorb as much of the spilled water as possible. Place some material underneath the carpet and never try to wring it out. A hair dryer, set a moderate heat, is probably the best implement for drying. Dry the carpet thoroughly from both sides. The pile may be a little when dry. Gentle ease it back into shape with your fingers. buy On the other hand, in a busy household, a variety of substances may be accidently spilled on a rug. Excluding the silk and antique carpets most of these accidents can be tackled at home. The first step with any substance is the same as with water. Absorb as much as the spill as possible with a clean, white dry cloth. This simple absorption method, when carried out as quickly as possible, is the greatest contribution to stain prevention. In dealing with every type of stain, work from top of the stain downward, never from the middle outwards, as this may cause the stain to spread. Never use hot water or bleach to help remove the stain, and always remember that soft scrubbing is much more effective than a harsh one.